The data on individual skill proficiency ratings and training needs generated an overwhelming amount of detail. In order to manage so much information more economically and effectively, we used several data analysis techniques to organize the skills into logical clusters. Table 9 shows the competency area definitions and lists their associated skills. Statistically, some individual skills are associated with more than one competency area and, logically, competency areas can overlap in their coverage of concepts. For example, object-oriented analysis and design methodology is commonly used in the traditional systems development process, but it is also heavily used in web-based applications development. Similarly, proficiency in data warehousing not only requires good understanding of database design and development principles, but also information analysis and management skills and sound business understanding. However, for simplicity of analysis and presentation, each skill was assigned to the single competency area where its statistical association was strongest.

Table 9. Competency areas and associated skills

Management: (23 skills) Competency encompasses both general and IT management. General skills are associated with working at a leadership level in organizations, including managing staff, communicating, managing relationships, and planning and directing work. IT-oriented management is associated with the treatment of information technology and services as organizational assets, including planning, procuring, monitoring, and protecting those assets.
IT asset management Business continuity planning Capacity management Change management Managing consultant staff Contract management & vendor relations Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer service	Financial management Internal controls Leadership Managing agency staff Negotiation & conflict resolution Oral communication Organizational awareness & business knowledge	Planning & evaluation IT procurement Project management IT project portfolio management IT risk assessment management IT strategic planning Supervisory skills Written communication
Infrastructure: (33 skills) Competency comprises those skills that assure the effective design, operation, and integration of networks, security features, operating systems, and associated support services.
Network and architecture design principles Backup & recovery Biometrics Broadband technologies Cellular technologies Computer forensics Cryptography Disaster recovery & planning Encryption Firewalls Hardware & maintenance support	Identity management & directory services Intrusion detection Linux operating systems Mac OS /OS X operating systems Mobile computing Network configuration Novell operating systems Open systems server administration Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Principles of operating systems Satellite technologies	System security applications Technology training activities Telephone /PBX Unified messaging services Video imaging Voice over IP Wide Area Networks (WAN) Web/IP Windows operating systems Windows network operating systems Wireless technologies
Web Computing: (29 skills) Competency associated with the Web encompasses the application of principles and effective use of tools and techniques that allow the Web to be used as a platform for well-designed, accessible information-based services.
Borland JBuilder C C++ ColdFusion DHTML/ HTML/ XHTML Eclipse IBM WebSphere Studio Java JavaScript Java Studio	Microsoft Access Microsoft SQL MySQL Unix operating systems Oracle JDDevStudio Perl/CGI PHP Unified Modeling Language (UML) Visual Basic Visual Basic Script	Visual Studio .NET Web accessibility Web design & development Web-based graphics & multimedia Website management Website privacy Website search administration Web servers XML/XSL
Systems & Databases: (19 skills) Competency encompasses the principles and techniques of system analysis, design, development, and implementation, including the ability to build applications and databases as integral components of systems.
Database applications & development techniques CASE tools Database design & development standards Joint Application Development (JAD) System life cycle planning principles	Object-oriented analysis & design principles Oracle Business process analysis Principles of programming SQL Quality assurance Rapid Application Development (RAD)/ prototyping Requirements analysis	Structured system analysis & design principles Systems architecture Systems implementation Systems integration Technical documentation Testing & evaluation
Technical Support Services: (3 skills) Competency encompasses the skills associated with effective end-user computing and customer support.
Support for desktop applications	Help desk activities	Call center activities
Management & Use of Information as an Asset: (12 skills) Competency in this area focuses on creating, preserving, and generating value from information content, including skills associated with data definition, records management, knowledge and information sharing, data analysis, and support for collaboration and decision making.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Collaboration software Content management Data warehousing	Decision support systems Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Knowledge Management (KM)	Metadata management Modeling & simulation Records management Workflow management
Legacy Technologies: (7 skills) Legacy-oriented competency encompasses the skills associated with effective use and management of mainframe computing and related programming languages and operating systems.
COBOL Fortran IBM/DB2	IBM mainframe Mainframe operations	PowerBuilder Unisys mainframe