We also grouped the respondents by the equivalent of their Civil Service grade levels into four categories, as shown in Table 3. About equal numbers of employees are currently working at the entry and journey levels. Middle and senior managers (not including CIOs) represent 13 percent of the workforce.

Table 3. Grade level categories of employees

	N	Percent of Total Respondents	Civil Service Grade Equivalents
Entry Level	1,118	42%	G22 and below
Journey Level	1,229	46%	G23-G25
Mid level Management	286	11%	G27-G29
Upper level Management	57	2%	G31 and above
Total	2690*	100%

*Excludes 143 cases with missing grade levels.

Demographic profiles across these four grade categories are very similar except for patterns of formal education, work experience, and retirement plans (See Table E2 in Appendix E for the complete profiles). Two-thirds of journey level and three-quarters of management level employees hold a bachelor’s degree or higher, while this is the case for about half of the employees in grades allocated to the entry level. This pattern may reflect the concentration of operations and technical specialist positions in titles which are allocated to G-22 and below. As would be expected, employees in journey and higher grade categories have more public sector work experience than entry level employees. They are also eligible and plan to retire earlier than entry level employees. However, with respect to private sector work experience, 59 percent of entry level employees on average have five years of private sector work experience, compared to employees in other grade levels (on average 44 percent have 4 years or fewer).