Because it is easy to use, people often tend to underestimate the cost of developing an effective WWW service. Many agencies are surprised when they add up the amounts that they have spent in developing their service. The implementing technology is relatively easy to use and inexpensive. The expensive part is coordinating its development and creating or reconstituting all the information that will be provided in the WWW site. In addition, advanced features such as forms access to agency databases require customer support and technical support that may drastically affect the cost of hosting the WWW site and operating the service.

In our experience, personnel and technical infrastructure costs comprise the bulk of expenses. The cost of such items as WWW development tools and WWW servers is usually small compared with the human effort to define and develop the content of the service and the base level of computing and networking that needs to be available in the agency. In addition, such services as database access may require hosting the WWW server in-house raise the cost substantially over applications that can be outsourced.

In general, costs for developing an Internet-based service fall into five categories: resources to get the organization ready to develop the service, Internet access for end-users of the system, training and help desk support for the end-users, resources to develop the content of the service, and computer facilities to host the system. In each of these categories, there may be one-time costs that are necessary to get the project started, as well as annual maintenance and development costs to operate the service and keep it current.

Organizational readiness. Public agencies can vary tremendously in their preparedness to take advantage of this technology. Some have experience with networking and the Internet, either through work assignments or by personal experiences. Others have little experience with Web- based services, and lack the computing infrastructure needed to develop content. Public information officers and other agency staff who are responsible for public outreach in the agency often have not experimented with the variety of services available on the Web. Agency managers in general may not be well-versed in the technology, and need to become educated about the potential costs and benefits of developing these services. Developing an awareness of the technology among all levels of the agency staff may be necessary in order to enable meaningful discussion of the merits of a proposed service.

Access for agency staff and other users. In considering this category of costs, the needs of both information providers and information users need to be addressed. Some staff will provide the technical support for the service, others will participate in the development of content. Access will need to be provided for both. Depending on the goals of the project, it may be necessary for agency staff to be able to browse the WWW, receive and respond to electronic mail, communicate with other staff, and have access to specially developed internal Intranet applications. Agencies may have this infrastructure in place, or it might need to be developed further. While this equipment might also serve other purposes (such as general office automation and communication), if it is necessary for the success of the Web service, its cost must be considered in the cost of the entire project. How much of the cost is charged to the Web project varies depending on circumstances.

In all cases, the agency will need to purchase the services of an "Internet Service Provider" or "ISP" who can provide access to the Internet in a number of ways. Individual accounts with dial- in access to an ISP provides an inexpensive starting approach that grows as the number of users increases. This approach requires modem access, either directly or through a LAN, for each user of the services. Alternatively, the agency's LAN or mainframe computers may be connected to the ISP, either through a dial-up or leased connection, at a higher cost but with increased flexibility. This method involves security considerations because, depending on the configuration, the agency resources may be available to other Internet users.

End user support. Staff and other users of the system will need training and help-desk support to make effective use of the resources. Studies have indicated that formal training is less costly than self-learning. This training and day-to-day support may be provided in-house, or outsourced to a separate organization. In the latter case, the cost of establishing and monitoring the contract must be included.

Content development and maintenance. Developing a suite of information and services that will be provided on the Web entails, at a minimum, converting existing information into a form that can be delivered by WWW servers. At present, this often requires "mark-up" activities that require special skill and can be time-consuming. This is an area in which the support tools are rapidly changing, and should be assessed based on current technology.

If the intended application involves two-way communication, (via electronic mail, by fill-in forms that users can access via the WWW, or by specialized applications that link agency databases and other applications to the WWW front end,) then the cost of developing the service may be substantial. Customer service staff will need to handle these contacts and specialized programming skills and on-site hosting of the WWW site may be required.

Development of the content, because it is so tightly integrated with agency operations, is usually done completely in-house. However, some specialized applications can be outsourced (Texas, for example, outsources the tourism feature of its statewide Web service). Basic design templates and perhaps the home page might also be contracted out to get a jump-start on developing the service.

Host of site. Once the content is ready to be installed on the Internet, a system containing a WWW server and space to store the information must be available, usually on a 24 hour a day, seven days a week basis. This may be accomplished through outsourcing or connection of the agency's WWW server. While outsourced hosting can support simple informational Web pages and electronic mail, more advanced two-way applications typically require development of a custom WWW server application that may require in-house hosting.

You will find a simple worksheet that encompasses all these on the next page. In this sheet, we assume that the one-time costs for the project will be incurred during the first year, and hence we distinguish the first year cost which may be different than subsequent years. We return to this worksheet again in chapter 4 after suggesting an approach for using it in the next chapter.

Figure 1: Blank Cost Worksheet

Cost Worksheet
	First Year Cost	Subseq. Annual
Organizational Readiness
Training for Technology Awareness
Planning for Internet Presence
Access for Agency Staff and Other Users
Hardware for End Users
Software for End Users
Network and Internet Access for End Users
Other Vendor Service
Human Resources
Start-up Process for Equipment Procurement
Establish and Manage Vendor and ISP Contracts
End User Support
Vendor Services
Human Resources
Establish and Manage Vendor Contractsx
Development and Delivery of User Training
User Time in Training
Help Desk for Users
Content Development and Maintenance Host of Site-Infrastructure
Hardware for Content Developers
Software for Content Developers
Network and Internet Access for Content Developers
Other Vendor Services
Human Resources
Start-up Process for Equipment Procurement
Establish and Manage Vendor Contracts
Development and Delivery of Staff Training
Staff Time in Training
Webmaster
Editorial Review
Content Creation and Coordination
Web Site Design and Development
Staff Support for Service
Programming Support
Database Administration
Other Management Support
Other Clerical Support
Content Development and Maintenance Host of Site-Infrastructure
Hardware
Software
Network and Internet Access
Other Vendor Services
Human Resources
Front-end Research and Technical Evaluation
Start-up Process for Equipment Procurement
Establish and Manage Vendor and ISP Contracts
Development and Delivery of Staff Training
Staff Time in Training
Network and Systems Administration
Web Server Management
Operations Support
Clerical Support
INFRASTRUCTURE AND OTHER SUBTOTAL
HUMAN RESOURCES SUBTOTAL
TOTAL COSTS