Further research could assess the ways in which these four critical success factors combine to influence results. This might be carried out in additional case studies, in surveys that operationalize the key variables and allow us to quantify their relationships, or though dynamic system modeling to test hypotheses about the changing effects of these variables under different conditions or points in time.

The revised model also presents an opportunity to think about the feasibility and usefulness of generic models of collaborative multi-organizational forms and their usefulness in understanding the evolution and performance of e-government initiatives. Most research in this area has focused on isolated aspects of this phenomenon or on the interaction of only two or three concepts or variables. This more holistic model lays a foundation for additional research that goes beyond description, as we have done here, to build a more robust and complete theory of interorganizational collaborations that involve the public sector.

Finally, the multi-national setting of this study suggests ways in which investigators in different countries and cultures might cooperatively explore these ideas in an international context. However, because all the countries included in the study are technologically advanced Western democracies with market economies, the findings may not hold true for developing countries or those with different political traditions or economic systems. These would be particularly interesting venues for replication of the research.