Sub-contracting and outsourcing are the most common public-private relationships. However, public-private partnerships (PPP or P3) int the study involved a mutual sharing of resources, risks, and benefits associated with project operations. In these cases, government hands over part of its management responsibilities and potential benefits to the private partner while retaining accountability and enough control to ensure protection of the public interest.

Access Indiana. The official information and transaction portal for the state of Indiana is a public-private partnership using a self-funding strategy to deliver government information and services to citizens and businesses.

Bremen Online. A federally sponsored project to develop electronic government and provide citizens with secure online transactions and payments carried out by a PPP among the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and regional and national partners from private industry.

Cadastre Reengineering Project. Involves development and installation of information and management systems for Quebec's real property tax program. Overseen by the Ministry of Natural Resources and implemented by the DMR Consulting Group, the project provides technical infrastructure and geospatial reference systems to the provincial government.

FirstGov.gov The official US federal government web portal enabling information access and transactions. Initiated through a public-private partnership and maintained through public-public collaboration, the portal content covers federal and state governments, some local governments, and U.S. territories.

Hotjob.be. A portal for job-seekers and employers implemented by FOREM, a jointly managed PPP for public service in Belgium. Hotjob provides job-seekers and employers access to over 500 job and training sites.

IRS e-File. Provides for electronic filing of personal income tax returns through a partnership that began between the US Internal Revenue Service and H&R Block in 1985 and has since grown to include a large number of private tax preparers and individual and business taxpayers.

Ontario Business Connect. Provides registration services for new businesses at multiple access points. Led by the Ontario Ministry of Consumer and Business Services, the main partners are government departments and agencies involved with new businesses at the provincial and federal levels, IT firms, point-of-service partners, and three wholesalers.

Partners in Change. An initiative to redefine and reorganize the delivery of income assistance and social services provided by the New Brunswick Department of Human Resources Development. Carried out in partnership with Accenture.