These include both horizontal agreements between agencies or departments at the same level of government, and vertical or intergovernmental alliances across federal, state, and local levels. These collaborations are not the traditional legal frameworks that tie public agencies together through the funding and operation of single programs. They are voluntary relationships often driven by the need to solve mutual problems.

NYS GIS Coordination Program. Hosts a formal data sharing cooperative plus educational and support services to encourage state and local development and use of spatial data. Involves primarily state and local agencies but also universities and private companies.

Service Canada Designed to broadly improve accessibility and quality of services for citizens. Sponsored by the Treasury Board of Canada and built on partnerships with various federal departments, provincial governments, and intermediary groups.